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Unit 4

Unforgettable experiences

张鋆良

Goals

Warming up

Listening

Speaking

Pre-reading

Reading

Post-reading

Grammar

Integrating Skills

Vocabulary

Goals

Talk about past experiences

Describe people, things, events and people’s feelings

Review the Attributive Clause and learn to use the relative pronouns who, whom, whose and that

Organise ideas in a text using First, Next, Then, Finally

Write about an unforgettable experience

Warming up

Zhang Heng is the man who made the earliest seismograph in 132.

Howard Carter is the man who found King Tut’s tomb in 1922.

Titanic is the ship which sank after hitting an iceberg.

Beijing is the city which got the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games.

Pre-reading

Earthquake

Typhoon

Sandstorm

Volcano eruption

Blizzard

Tsunami

Flood

Reading

before

hold on to

against

pull up

look into

fright

around the corner

strike

must have done

go through

before

Before … 还没来得及……就……

Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.

However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.

Before they reached the house, a new great wave came, sweeping down trees.

hold on to

To keep your hands or arms tightly around something so that it cannot move or you cannot fall

Hold on to the tree or you’ll fall!

To keep something by not losing it, selling it, or having it taken from you.

I think I’ll hold on to the CDs, but you can have the tapes.

against

In opposite to …

We will fight against the enemy.

against the law

against my wishes

In the direction of and touching or beating

The rain beat against the windows.

Touching esp. for supporting

……a tree that grows against the wall

In an opposite direction to …

We sailed against the wind.

pull up

pull up one’s socks 奋发图强

pull up: to come to a stop

The car pulled up at the traffic lights.

look into

into: in a particular direction

Please speak directly into the microphone.

look into: 调查；观察

The police have received the letter, and they’re looking into it.

fright

frighten [vt.]

to make someone feel afraid

Don’t do that, you are frightening me.

frighten sb to death

frightened [adj.]

feeling afraid

I’ll be frightened to look out of the airplane window.

frightening [adj.]

making you feel afraid or nervous

It is frightening to think how easily students can be hurt.

around the corner

在拐角处

Where is the post office?

Just around the corner.

即将到来

Our success is around the corner.

strike

打，敲，击

The boy struck the man with a stick.

攻击，袭击

We will strike the enemy at night.

a sudden strike

（某种想法）忽然出现，忽然想起

It strikes us that you are wrong.

给（人）某种印象

They were struck by its speed.

罢工

They are striking for higher pay.

go on strike; be on strike

The Boston police went on strike in 1919.

（钟）敲（响）

The clock has struck twelve.

Twelve has struck.

must have done/been

表示对过去的强烈猜测: 准是……

She must have come to see you.

He must have been drunk to say that.

go through

to suffer or experience something bad

She has gone through a lot since her husband was killed.

to use sth and have none left

He went through all the money his father gave him.

be officially accepted

The law has now gone through.

to practise sth

Let everyone go through the dialogue with a partner.

to look at or for sth carefully

Jack went through his pockets looking for the keys.

to read a document from beginning to end

I’d like to have you go through the book.

heard

saw

swept down

heard

felt

saw

heard

saw

swept down

heard

felt

saw

heard

saw

swept down

heard

felt

saw

heard

saw

swept down

heard

felt

saw

heard

saw

swept down

heard

felt

saw

heard

saw

swept down

heard

felt

saw

定语从句 （Attributive Clauses）

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词即为先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系词连接主句和从句,同时本身又在从句中充当某一成分,如主语、宾语、定语或状语

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

限制性和非限制性定语从句

注意点及难点

Rescue

rescue a man from drowning/a cat from a high tree

Jean couldn’t do her school work, but her mother came to her rescue.

Advance

He advanced on (against) me angrily. 他生气地走向我。

We advanced the date of the meeting.我们将会议的日期提前。

Stop the enemy’s advance!

in advance 预先，事先

pay in advance 预先付款

Seize

He seized the pickpocket by the collar.他抓住那个扒手的衣领。

He seized the gun from the bank robber.他从那个银行抢劫犯手中夺过枪。

Swallow

He swallowed the medicine with water.

take a swallow of beer

Struggle

The tiger struggled in the trap.

struggle with/against … 向（同）……做斗争

He has been struggling with illness for years.

He struggled against the thief for a while.

struggle for…/struggle to do sth.为……而奋斗，努力做……

He has been struggling for success.

n. 竞争，努力，奋斗

Don’t give up without a struggle. 不要未经努力就放弃。

Flow

Rivers flow into the sea.

The boat was carried away by the flow of water.

The doctor stopped the flow of blood from the wound.

Fright

in fright 惊恐地

get/have a fright 大吃一惊，感到恐怖

shake with fright 吓得发抖

a look of fright 害怕的表情

Shake

He refused our suggestion with a shake of the head.

He shook hands with her and smiled.

Shake the bottle before using.

Strike

The church clock struck twelve.

He was struck by her beauty.

n. 罢工

be on strike 在罢工 go on strike 举行罢工

关系词在从句中充当不同成分

The flowers which I ordered from the store will arrive soon. （宾语）

The man who telephoned me just now is a writer. （主语）

The man whose left leg was lost in the war is a hero now. （定语）

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

who, whom, that

whose

which, that

as

who whom that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

whose

用来指人或物，只用作定语（若指物，它还可以同of which互换）

They went to help the man whose car had broken down.　 那人车坏了，大家都过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。

which that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等

A tiger which / that had escaped from the zoo is now at large. （which / that在从句中作主语）

The bag which / that I am carrying is too heavy. (which / that在从句中作宾语)

as

as既可指人，又可指物，常在限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语。通常构成such … as 或the same… as等固定搭配。

I’d like to use the same tool as you used yesterday. 我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。（作宾语）

Many of the sports were the same as they are now. 过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。（作表语）

Report this as often as is necessary. 根据需要反复这样做。（做主语）

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

when, where, why

that

when where why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于 “介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用

There are occasions when (on which) one must lie.　任何人都有不得不撒谎的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he argued with us?　这就是他和我们争辩的理由吗？

that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

It is hard to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 要找到他四十年前居住过的地方太难了。

介词+关系词

某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

介词后面的关系词不能省略。

that前不能有介词。

限制性和非限制性定语从句

定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确

This is the house which we bought last month.

非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

as which非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is bad to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　

注意点及难点

关系代词做介词宾语

关系代词that的用法

as, which非限定性定语从句

嵌入式定语从句

定语从句与强调句

定语从句与并列句

定语从句与同位语从句

常见错误

关系代词做介词宾语

在限制性定语从句中如果介词置于句末,关系代词仍可以用who, whom, which或that

This is the house (which/that) Lu Xun lived in.

This is the house in which Lu Xun lived.

如果定语从句中谓语动词为介词动词(固定搭配), 那么介词必须后置, 不能与动词拆开置于关系代词前面

This is the pen (which/that) I am looking for.

常用that作关系代词的几种情况

先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that:

This is the best film that has ever been made.

The first place (that) we visited was the Great Wall.

先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that :

The only thing (that) he had in the room was a bed.

在不定代词，如： all, anything, nothing, the one, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which:

This is all (that) I want to say.

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?

先行词为人和物的名词词组:

They talked of persons and things that they remembered in the school.

不用that的情况

在引导非限定性定语从句时:

The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(错)　

介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

嵌入式定语从句

She is a top student, who they say works rather hard.

I have an idea which I’m sure will interest you.

We will have a new foreign teacher, who I know comes from Australia.

定语从句与强调句

It is the place where they lived before.

It is in the place that they lived before.

第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。

Where is it that he found the lost watch?

(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。

Where is the watch that he found yesterday.

(定语从句，that指代the watch)

It was in the small house?＿＿＿＿was built by his father?＿＿＿＿he spent his childhood.

which

that

定语从句与并列句

He has two sons, neither of whom looks like him.

He has two sons, and neither of them looks like him.

I've got two sisters. Both of them are in Shanghai.

第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons,在定语从名中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。

定语从句与同位语从句

The news that we heard is not true.

(定语从句)

The news that he won the prize is not true.

(同位语从句)

定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。

在"have no idea+从句"结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如：

I have no idea when she will be back.

误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come．

正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come．

误：The book that you need it is in the library．

正：The book that you need is in the library．

误：Anyone who break the law will be punished．

正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．

误：Those who has finished may go home．

正：Those who have finished may go home．

误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school．

正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school．

误：This is one of the rooms that is free now．

正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．

误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．

正：Children who / that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．

误：The key opens the bike is missing．

正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．　

误：The house where he lives in needs repairing．

正：The house where he lives needs repairing．　　　

误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．

正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．

或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．

误：I still remember the day when we spent together．

正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together．

误：This is the house where we lived in last year．

正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．

误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？

正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？

误：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late．

正：I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．

误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．

正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．

误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？

正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？