Unit 20 Gandhi

教学建议

宾语补足语
　　某些及物动词要来复合宾语。复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。宾语补足语有以下几类。
　　1）由动词不定式充当。多数是带to的不定式，也有不带to的不定式。要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell，ask，invite，force，get，beg，allow，wish，want，like，prefer，intend，expect，encourage，advise，permit，order，warn，cause等。如：
　　I would prefer you not to change your plan．我宁愿你不要改变计划。
　　They encouraged me to try again．他们鼓励我再次尝试。
　　某些动词如think，consider，believe，know，find等后面作宾语补足语的不定式常用to be + adj．的结构。如：
　　We believed him to be stupid．我们认为他很笨。
　　He didn't consider himself (to be) important．他并不认为自己重要。
　　某些动词如make，have，let，see，hear，watch，notice，feel等后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。如：
　　He made us stay for tea．他使我们留下来吃茶点。
　　Let me introduce you to Miss Li．让我介绍你和李小姐认识。
　　Did you notice me leave/leaving the house 你注意到我离开了（正在离开）那房子吗？
　　变为被动语态时，不定式符号to必须保留。如：
　　People who won't work should be made to work．必须要不愿工作的人工作。
　　The middle-aged man was seen to enter the building．人们看见那中年男子走进大楼。
　　2）由-ing形式或过去分词充当。当宾语补足语的动作由作宾语的名词或代词发出时，宾语补足语用-ing形式。如：
　　He could hear his heart beating fast．他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。
　　Do you smell something buring? 你闻到烧焦的气味了吗？
　　当宾语是宾语补足语发出的动作对象时，宾语补足语用过去分词形式。如：
　　You'd better have the desk painted.．你最好请人把课桌漆一下。
　　I've never heard the song sung．我从未听见那首歌被人唱过。
　　3）由名词充当。某些动词如 call, name, make, elect, think, find, consider, appoint后接名词或代词作其语，再接名词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的身份。如：
　　He made her secretary．他挑选她当秘书。
　　Her parents died, leaving her an orphan．她父母双亡，使她成了孤儿。
　　They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country．他们把巴黎看作国家的大脑和心脏。
　　4）由形容词充当。某些动词如make，paint，keep，find，like，want等后接名词或代词作宾语，再接形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的状态、特征等。有的已构成固定词组。如：
　　Do you like your tea weak or strong? 你喜欢把茶泡浓一点还是淡一点？
　　You must keep the classroom clean．你应保持教室清洁。
　　The boy was beaten black and blue．男孩被打得青一块紫一块。
　　1.... but they should never take up arms to fight.
take up 可表示：
　　1) lift up, raise 拿起，举起，收起。如：
　　In Chinese history, peasants took up their arms many times to fight against the cruel rules.
　　Please take up your pen/the carpet. 在中国历史上，农民们多次拿起武器反对暴政。
　　2) take an interest in, engage in sth. (as a hobby, business, etc. ) 对……有兴趣，从事……（作为爱好、事业等）。如：
　　When did you take up stamp-collecting?
　　I took up English teaching three years ago.
　　3) occupy time/space 占据时间（空间）。如：
　　The piano takes up too much room. 这架钢琴占地太大。
　　2.fairness，fair，justice，just
　　1）fair常用形容词“公平的，公正的”，其名词为fairness“公正，公平”（含做事）公平，公道合理，不因个人情感或利益采取不正常行为。如：
　　We should be fair with one another．我们彼此都应光明正大。
　　2）just作形容词“公正的，正直的，正义的，公平的”，其名词为 justice“正义，公平，公正，合法”。（常做司法用词，合乎道义，做事符合大局，不损害公众利益。）如：
　　They are fighting for a Just cause with the world people．
　　The murderer was brought to justice．
　　People are expecting the Judges will do Justice to the murder．
　　3. Mohandas Gandhi. . . was married at the age of 13, 　　following local custom.按照当地的风俗，莫汉达斯·甘地在13岁就结婚了。
　　1) follow local custom = act according to local custom 按照当地习俗而行事，其中动词follow作“遵循，依照……行事”解。如：
　　Following local custom, people say "Good luck" to each other when they meet at festivals. 按照当地的习俗，人们节日见面时，互道“恭喜发财”。
　　They can't get married at such an early age, following local custom.
　　2) follow作此义解时，还常用于下列词组：follow the customs of one's grandfather 按照……祖先的习俗行事，follow one's suggestion 遵循某人的建议。
　　4. Mrs. Blown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ________ went wrong again.
　　A. it　　B. it repaired　　C. repaired　　D. to be repaired
　　考查“have + sth．/sb．+ done”结构与定语从句嵌合在一起，形成了破裂结构，最易使考生陷入误区。解题时，第一步应判定一之后是一个省略that的宾语从句；第二步判断宾语从句中the washing machine...went wrong again是主句结构；第三步分析出the washing machine后带有一个省略关系代词that/which的定语从句，即the washing machine（that/ which） she had had _____. 经过上述分析，自然可以得出she had had the washing machine repaired. 答案是C。
　　5. oppose，object，against，disagree，disapprove
　　1）oppose“反对”，表示采取积极行动来反对，着重动作，反对的对象一般是较重大的事了当主语反对时常用：be opposed to，当主语被反对时常用：be opposed by。如：
　　We were opposed by a force twice the size of our own．
　　I'm opposed to destroying the forest．
　　2）object“反对”，指个人不赞成某事，或持有相反的意见，其名词为objection．常见搭配为：object to + ing，have no objection to有反对。如：
　　She objects to being scolded in public．
　　3）against为介词“反对”。disagree“不同意”是指平等关系的意见不同。disapprove
　　“不同意”指上级对下级或局外人对当事人的看法。如：
　　Those who are not for me are against me．那些不同意我的人就是反对我。
　　They disagreed as to when the wedding should take place．关于何时举行婚礼，他们意见不同。
　　His parents disapproved of his marriage．他的父母不同意他的婚事。
　　6. All his life he reached out for the truths of spirits and gods.
　　reach out for 本意为“伸手去拿”，引申为“设法获得，设法抓住，追求”。如：
　　He reached out for a book from the top shelf.
　　All his life, Mr. Deng Xiaoping reached out for the truth.
　　There are chances everywhere, but you must reach out for them.
　　7. oppose，object，against，disagree，disapprove
　　1）oppose“反对”，表示采取积极行动来反对，着重动作，反对的对象一般是较重大的事了当主语反对时常用：be opposed to，当主语被反对时常用：be opposed by。如：
　　We were opposed by a force twice the size of our own．
　　I'm opposed to destroying the forest．
　　2）object“反对”，指个人不赞成某事，或持有相反的意见，其名词为objection．常见搭配为：object to + ing，have no objection to有反对。如：
　　She objects to being scolded in public．
　　3）against为介词“反对”。disagree“不同意”是指平等关系的意见不同。disapprove
　　“不同意”指上级对下级或局外人对当事人的看法。如：
Those who are not for me are against me．那些不同意我的人就是反对我。
　　They disagreed as to when the wedding should take place．关于何时举行婚礼，他们意见不同。
　　His parents disapproved of his marriage．他的父母不同意他的婚事。

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