Unit 15 A doctor for animals

教学建议（一）

教材内容分析

　　本单元主要学习询问身体健康状况、谈论身体状况以及对身体健康方面的一些忠告或建议、要求等的日常交际用语，还学习了一些常用语及部分同义或近义词的用法。在学习对话的同时，复习归纳了现在完成时时态，强调现在完成时态不能使用过去的时间状语。进一步学习了动词不定式，学习用it 来充当形式主语的用法。 通过对课文The man who loved dogs和Cody saves the baby的学习， 来体会人与动物友好相处的和谐。 同时要掌握本单元的短语和习惯用语。

关于阅读训练的教学建议

　　第15单元第58课与60课都是以叙事的方式，讲述关于狗的故事。The man who loved dogs讲述的是James Herriot做为兽医的艰苦历程和他对职业的奉献精神。Cody saves the baby讲述的是一只狗在地震时救了小主人的经过。两篇文章内容除了一些生词外，没有出现较难的语法项目。对于这样的语篇，可以通过教学设计，提高学生的阅读技巧和阅读速度。并在课堂练习或课后练习时，再阅读其他小短文，演练一下所学的方法，进而达到学会读大意，抓主题的快速阅读的目的。

　　让学生先对生词和短语进行熟悉，先看课后的习题或相关练习。再开始在限定的时间内通读全文，找出答案。再读课文，将事件的经过用几句话总结一下。并找几个同学试着复述课文，经过几次复述，对课文有个整体的掌握。教师应在此时引导学生注意阅读技巧，让学生反思有哪些问题可以通过改变阅读方式来解决。每篇文章都有重要的主题句，和一条或几条线索，抓住了主线，其他的内容都是作为辅助和注解出现的。根据此种阅读方法，提供另外篇阅读短文，进行课堂练习。

dolphin

　　Long ago, dogs and horses were tamed to become man's helpers on land.  Today some people believe that dolphins may become man's helpers in the sea　Proof that a dolphin can be trained to assist man appeared in 1965.  The U.S. Navy used the services of a seven-foot dolphin, Tuffy.

　　Tuffy worked with divers at the Navy's Man-in-the-Sea station off the coast of California. He acted as messenger to a ten-man team whose underwater home was Sealab II, 205 feet deep.

　　Wearing a plastic harness, Tuffy carried letters in a waterproof tube.  He also carried tools for the undersea workers. Tuffy learned to answer calls for help.  Pretending to be lost, an aquanaut

　　would sound a buzzer.  Another aquanaut would fasten one end of a line to Tuffy's harness .Tuffy would speed to the rescue.

　　More and more , it seems likely that old tales of dolphins' willingness to help man are closer to truth than to fiction .

　　1. The land animals dolphins are compared to are

　　A. oxen and horses     B. dogs and cats

　　C. dogs and horses     D. None of the above

　　2. The name of the trained dolphin was

　　A.  Toughy   B.  Tuffy  C. Tufty   D.      None of the above

　　3. The services of the dolphin were used by the

　　A. Government of California        B. U.S. Army

　　C.  U.S. Navy                     D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography

　　4. The article does not say that

　　A. the station was named Sealab II      B. the station's depth was 205 feet

　　C. ten men were in the underwater team  D. the men spent fifteen days at the station

　　5. For all his chores, the dolphin

　　A. wore a plastic harness    B.   carried a waterproof tube

　　C. carried a line           D.  carried tools

　　6. The signal for the dolphin's rescue chore was a

　　A.  shout  B. bell     C. buzzer  D. whistle

　　7. The purpose of the line the dolphin took was to

　　A. save the aquanaut from drowning   B. lead the aquanaut back to the others

　　C. help the aquanaut to guide the dolphin  D. carry a light to the aquanaut

　　8. The author suggests that this modern example makes old tales about dolphins seem

　　A. more truth than fiction      B. more fiction than truth

　　C. half truth and half fiction    D. entirely fiction

参考答案：

　　1.  C    2. B   3. C    4.  D    5. A    6. C    7. B    8. A

Swallows

简介

　　(1) 本文简单介绍了燕子的生活习性。

　　(2) 对小动物的介绍一般都是从细节到它的生活习性。

　　There are different kinds of swallows. Some swallows make their homes in the sand; others build their nests under the roofs. They make their nests of earth and grass.

　　It takes them several days to build a nest. They have to work in the early morning. The swallow lays five or six eggs at a time. The mother bird sits on them, and the father bird watches by her side and gives some food to her.

　　You must not think that when swallows fly over your head, they aren't working. No! Life is work to them. The young swallows eat a lot and they are busy catching the insects for them. So they have to work from early morning till late at night. At last the young birds can fly well, but the old ones can't rest. They began to think about their second family, for they have two broods every season.

　　When the second brood can fly, too, it's time to think about going to the warmer countries, and when spring comes, they'll return.

1．注解

　　(1) swallow n. 燕子

　　(2) nest n. 巢

　　(3) roof n. 屋顶

　　(4) lay v. 产（卵）

　　(5) insect n. 昆虫

　　(6) brood n. 一窝所孵的幼雏

2．．思考题

　　(1) Can you see swallows easily now? Why?

　　(2) In what way can we protect (保护) this kind of animal?

教学建议（二）

关于写作训练的教学建议

　　本单元第60课的第4项是写作训练。主要是叙述父母的职业。根据本单元关于动物的主题，这里建议写作内容可选择以动物为主题。

　　动物是人类的朋友，我们应当爱惜它们。人与动物和平相处，世界会变得更加美好。由于近几年保护动物的呼声日益高涨，各国各地区分别开辟和划分大片土地作为野生动物园，从此，野生动物有了属于自己的家园，动物的数量和种类都相应增加。为了便于人们观赏海洋动物，了解海底世界，海洋馆也应运而生。

　　请就此题材写一篇短文，描写你参观海洋馆的情况，及个人对此的感受。

[分析与引导]

　　此篇短文类似于游记，要求写出时间、地点、人物、事件、经过和观后感受。应按照时间的先后顺序写，内容要详略得当，突出重点，特别是在“人与自然”这方面应有所体现，尽力表达人与动物和平共处的和谐之美，使读者有身临其境之感，引起共鸣。

[范文与点评]

　　A visit to the world under the sea

　　Have you ever been to the world under the sea ? I have been there once.

　　It was a sunny morning. I with my father went there on a bus. It was a little far from my home. It took us about two hours to get there. After getting the tickets, we went in.

　　First, we went into a large hall. There I saw a pond with several dolphins. We were told that there would be a performance in ten minutes, so we found a good place for watching. Soon a beautiful girl came out and the performance began. The dolphins performed very well and all the people there watched carefully and such words as Wonderful, Great, Good, Cool could be heard again and again.

　　Then, we came to the touching pool. There were some small fish in it and visitors could touched them with their hands softly. And the girl working there explained their names to us. It was not easy to touch them in my life , so I played there for a long time. It was very interesting.

　　At last, when it was nearly the lunch time, it was the time for another performance of all kinds of fish and a diver. At this time many fish came here for their lunch and the diver gave them their food. The diver was a young beautiful girl and she said Hello to us with her hands. It was difficult for her to feed the fish because some of them were dangerous, especially sharks. I was worried about her all the time, but the girl did it easily and well. We could see that she had become a good friend of sharks and many other animals. We felt very excited and thanked her a lot.

　　It was a good visit and it was a good lesson for me, too. People and animals are good friends and we should live together well. I should learn from the girl feeling fish. Nothing is too difficult if we put our hearts into it. If we have a great goal, we should try to do it well and we will be the winners.

　　本文符合游记的要求，时间、地点、人物、事件及其先后顺序和教益都交代的很好，特别是“人鲨共舞”场面的描写很精彩，充分体现了“人与自然和谐相处”这一主题思想，读后能使人引起共鸣，达到了教育的目的。

第57与59课对话及不定式做主语的教学建议

　　57课是以为狗看病为话题的对话，从一对父子的谈话中，可以看出作为兽医的父亲对自己的职业的热爱，以及对动物与人之间关系的理解。并引出了不定式作主语的用法。59课是母子谈论医生这一职业的对话，引出了it作为形式主语的不定式结构。

　　建议这两课的教学过程有机结合，巧妙地安排授课时间，完成这部分内容的学习。先让同学们对这两课内容一起预习，主要是熟悉生词和语法。上课时，围绕着职业的谈论展开，引出相关的教材内容，再反复练习不定式作主语的句型。

　　可以先引导谈论他们将来想选择的职业，提出问题：

　　What kinds of jobs do you know?

　　What would you like to be in the future?

　　What are your parents' job?　

　　Do your parents like their job? Why or why not?

　　在适当的情况下提示学生一些职业的说法。对有些职业的名称可参考下文提供的《关于职业的英语词汇》。

　　然后让学生熟悉对话的内容，如通过放录音、看影片、或阅读教材来实现。再进一步对不定式作主语的句子进行分析：

　　To be a doctor for animals is very rewarding.

　　To help animals is helping people.

　　To do what the doctor tells you is important.

　　可以将以上两句与下句进行比较，突出不定式是怎样作为主语出现的：

　　To many people, a pet is like one of the family.

　　可将学生分成两组做练习。给A组一些单词，如：

　　easy, hard, dangerous, necessary, important, difficult, useful, clever, meaningful, interesting, happy, sad, …

　　给B组一些不定式短语，如：

　　to help animal

　　to go swimming

　　to do shopping

　　to drink water

　　to kill a bird

　　to find a lost book

　　to climb the hill

　　to travel by air

　　让B组的同学读出不定式短语，A组同学在限定的时间内选择形容词连成句，如：

　　It's meaningful to help animal.

　　It's interesting to go swimming.

　　It's necessary to drink water.

　　It's difficult to find a lost book.

　　…

　　只要回答的合情合理就可以过关，如果A组的同学都不过关，两组交换位置，让B组的同学来回答。注意学生们的发音及句子的叙述要完整。

关于职业的英语词汇

　　actor 男演员

　　actress 女演员

　　singer 歌手

　　dancer 舞蹈家

　　musician 音乐家

　　pianist  钢琴家

　　painter 画家,油漆匠

　　teacher 教师

　　professor  教授

　　headmaster 中小学校长

　　headmistress 中小学女校长

　　headteacher 校长

　　director 导演

　　editor 编者

　　writer 作家

　　reporter 记者

　　announcer  广播员

　　journalist 杂志记者

　　worker 工人

　　farmer 农夫

　　fisherman 渔夫

　　chemist 化学家,药剂师

　　engineer 工程师

　　explorer 探险家

　　researcher 研究员

　　doctor 医生,博士

　　nurse  护士

　　surgeon 外科医生

　　sailor 水手

　　seaman  船员

　　pilot 飞行员,领航员

　　astronaut  宇航员

　　driver  驾驶员

　　athlete 运动员

　　policeman  警察

　　detective 侦探

　　judge 法官

　　lawyer 律师

　　attorney 律师

　　cook 厨子,厨师

　　baker 面包师

　　waiter 侍者

　　waitress 女服务生

　　butcher 屠夫

　　clerk 办事员

　　typist 打字员

　　secretary  秘书

　　salesman 售货员,推销员

　　shopkeeper  零售商,店主

　　bookseller 书商

　　tailor 裁缝

　　soldier 军人

　　postman  邮差

　　mailman 邮差

　　firefighter消防人员

　　conductor 乘务员

　　librarian图书管理员

　　baby-sitter 保姆

　　apprentice  学徒工

　　artisan  工匠

　　craftsman  工匠

　　specialist 专家

　　employer 雇主,老板

　　receptionist  接待员

　　operator 电话接线员

　　interpreter  翻译

　　photographer  摄影师

　　playwright 剧作家

　　linguist  语言学家

　　botanist  植物学家

　　economist 经济学家

　　chemist  化学家

　　scientist  科学家

　　philosopher  哲学家

　　politician 政治学家

　　physicist 物理学家

　　archaeologist  考古学家

　　geologist  地质学家

　　mathematician 数学家

　　biologist  生物学家

　　zoologist  动物学家

　　statistician 统计学家

　　physiologist  生理学家

　　futurologist  未来学家

　　artist  艺术家

　　composer  作曲家

　　designer  设计家

　　sculptor 雕刻家

　　designer  服装设计师

　　model  模特

　　poet 诗人

　　merchant 商人

　　stewardess 空中小姐

　　porter 行李夫

　　architect 建筑师

　　druggist 药剂师

　　chemist 药剂师

　　guide 导游

　　dentist 牙科医生

　　supervisor  监工

教学建议（三）

第57课重点例句及相关知识的分析

　　1. Do you like being a doctor for animals? 您喜欢当兽医吗？

　　句中的being 可以用to be 的形式表示。如：

　　I like to be an English teacher. 我喜欢当一名英语教师。

　　句中a doctor for an animals 可以用an animal doctor 的形式表示。如：

　　He is a famous animal doctor from England. 他是来自英国的著名兽医。

　　2. To be a doctor for animals is very rewarding. 当兽医很值得。

　　句中rewarding是形容词，意思是“有报酬的；有用的；有益的”。如：

　　You will find this book very rewarding. 你将发现这本书是非常有益的。

　　3. But isn't it more important to help people than animals？难道不是帮助人比帮助动物更重要吗？

　　（l）本句是否定疑问句结构。这时或是表示惊异的情绪，或是有点责难的口吻。有时还表示一种赞叹，（这时用降调）。例如：I posted the letter last Monday. Haven't you got it？那封信我上星期一就寄出了，难道你没有收到吗？（表示惊异）

　　Didn’t you do your homework yesterday？

　　难道你昨天没有做作业吗？（责难）　

　（2）回答这类问句时。肯定答语用“Yes + 肯定结构”，否定结构用“No + 否定结构”。这与汉语习惯不同，要特别注意。例如：

　　“Haven't you written to Jack?”“Yes, I have.”

　　“你没给杰克写信吗？”“不，我写了。”

　　“Didn't you tell her about the matter?”“No，I didn’t．”

　　“你没告诉她那件事吗？”“是的，没告诉她。”

　　4. To help animals is helping people. 帮助动物就是帮助人类。

　　句中helping是现在分词作定语，修饰people。

　　分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在意思上有主动和被动之分。现在分词一般有主动的意思，过去分词一般有被动的意思，有时表示的时间也不相同。试看两种分词的主要差别。如：

　　He is a promising young man. 他是一个很有培养前途的青年。

　　This is a pressing problem. 这是个紧急问题。

　　He is an interesting man. 他是个有趣的人。

　　He’s very interested in the man. 他对那个男人非常感兴趣。

　　The news is exciting. 这消息很激动人心。

　　We were excited to hear it. 听了这事我们很激动。

　　5. So a pet can help a person feel less lonely. 因此宠物可以使人较少感到孤独。

　　lonely 与alone的意思比较接近，但在使用时有所区别：

　　lonely用作形容词，意思是“孤单的；寂寞的”。可指心灵上的寂寞，也可指偏僻的地点。在句中既可作表语，也可作定语。alone 可作形容词和副词，意思是“单独；独自”，不指心理上寂寞的感觉。

　　例：feel lonely（√）；a lonely traveller（√）

　　　　be alone（√）；a alone house（×）

　　She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone, but she never felt lonely.

　　她被带到一个荒岛上，自己居住，但她从不感到寂寞。

第58课重点例句及相关知识的分析

　　1. There is a famous animal doctor from England who wrote many books about animals. 一位英国著名兽医，他写了许多关于动物方面的书。

　　句中from England 介词短语做定语，和who wrote many books about animals 从句做定语同时修饰doctor。

　　2. He grew up with a pet dog named Don. 他与被叫Don 的爱犬一起长大。

　　句中named 是过去分词做定语，修饰dog。

　　named 相当于called 或with the name，意思是“被叫做……”

　　The boy called John is my classmate. =The boy named John is my classmate. =

The boy with the name John is my classmate. 叫约翰的那个男孩是我的同学。

　　3. He made up his mind to be a vet．他下定决心要成为一名兽医。

　　make up one’s mind是“下定决心”的意思，其后常接不定式。one’s必须和其相应的主语保持一致。如果主语为复数，mind也要用复数形式。如：

　　（1）I’ve made up my mind．我已决定了。

　　（2）He needs someone to make up his mind for him．他需要别人替他作决定。

　　（3）The students in Class 1 all made their minds to study hard．一班的全体同学都下定了决心要努力学习。

　　4. Before long, Herriot noticed that people in the country also had dogs as pets. 不久以后，赫里奥特注意到这儿乡下的人们也把狗当作宠物。　

　句中before long 作“不久以后”讲，切不要按字面译为“长时间以前”或“好久以前”。如：

　　We hope to finish our experiment before long. 我们希望不久（以后）就把实验做完。

　　long before 作“很久以前”讲。原意为“……以前很久”，故也可译为“老早”。long before 跟before long 不同，前者在其后面可以接名词或一个从句；当上下文明确时，名词或从句还可以省略。Before long 则没有上述搭配用法。

　　They began the test yesterday, but we had made experiment long before. 我们昨天开始做实验，但我们在那以前很久就已经做准备了。

　　5. They regarded their pets as members of their families. 他们把宠物视为家庭成员。

　　句中regard … as意思是“将……视为”。如：

　　I regard him as my brother. 我将他当成我的兄弟。

　　He is regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被视为是城内最好的医生了。

　　6. They would go with him in his car every day as he went to the farms to heal sick animals. 当他到农场给生病的动物看病时，这两条狗都坐车跟着他。

　　句中as 是连词，意思是“当……的时候，一面……一面”，（强调同时，一般连续时间不长），如：

　　As we were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in. 正当我们谈论“泰坦尼克号”这部电影时，教师进来了。

　　The students sing as they go along. 学生们边走边唱。

　　When、while和as一样都是连词，注意它们的不同。如when“当……的时候”（一般表示动作紧接着发生）；“那时”（等立连词，前有逗号分开）

　　I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain. 我一直呆到太阳下山，那时天开始下雨了。　

　　while是“当……时候；和……同时”（强调同时发生，一般连续时间较长）

　　While I was watching TV, he was reading. 当我在看电视的时候，他正在看书。

　　While there is life, there is hope. 有生命就有希望。

　　7. Later in his life, James Herriot wrote a lot about his experience as a country vet in Yorkshine, England. 在赫瑞尔的晚年，他根据在英国约克郡当乡村兽医时的经验写下许多著作。

　　句中的as 是介词，意思是“作为，当作”。如：

　　I have come here as a journalist. 我是以记者身份到这里来的。

　　As a student, you must study hard for the people. 作为一名学生，你必须努力为人民而学习。

　　8. No matter how much he loved all kinds of animals, he loved dogs the best. 不管他多么喜欢各种各样的动物，他还是最喜欢狗的。

　　句中no matter作连词用，意思是“不管”。如：

　　No matter how hot it is! 不管多么热。

　　Don’t trust him, no matter what he says or does. 他不管说什么，做什么，都不要信任他。

　　Don’t trust him, no matter what he says. 不管他说什么，你都不要信任他。

　　Don’t believe the rumour, no matter who repeats it. 不论是谁说的，都不要相信这谣言。

　　No matter where she is, I must find her.  不论她在哪儿，我都要找到她。

第60课重点例句及相关知识的分析

　　1. Mrs Parley said she felt as if they were in a storm at sea. 帕利太太说她觉得好象是在海上乘船遇到了风暴似的。

　　句中as if 相当于as though “仿佛……似的”。注意：当主句是一般现在时，as if从句用一般过去时；当主句是一般过去时，as if从句用表示过去的相应时态。如：

　　He speaks English as if he were an Englishman. 他说起英语来好像一个英国人似的。

　　He acted as if （as though） nothing had happened. 他表现得似乎没有发生什么事。

　　She loves the child as if he were here own.  她爱这孩子如同爱自己的孩子一样。

　　此外，as if （as though）后可以跟动词不定式。如：

　　She raised her hand as though （as if） to hang the picture on the wall. 她举手象要把这幅画挂在墙上。

　　He raised his hand as though to take off his hat. 他举起手来，像要脱帽似的。

　　2. She tried hard to reach the baby’s room… but the house broke in two, dropping her to the first floor and leaving the baby’s bed hanging in the edge of the two-story house. 他尽力地到达婴儿房间，但是房子裂成了两半，把她摔到了楼下，而婴儿的小床留在上面，搭在这座二层楼的边缘上，摇摇欲坠。

　　由dropping 和leaving 组成的两个-ing形式短语在句中作伴随情况状语。如：

　　They came into the room laughing and talking. 他们说说笑笑地走进屋来。

　　Taking a dictionary, she began to prepare her lessons. 她拿了本词典，开始准备功课。

　　3. …… just as the bed crashed to the first floor ……与此同时床坠落到了一楼。

　　4. It is true to say a dog is man’s best friend or at least Roberts best friend. 事实上说狗是人类最好的朋友，起码是罗特的最好的朋友。

　　* 句中it是形式主语，to say a dog动词不定式是真实主语。

　　句中it作先行代词用。It在句中充当形式主语或形式宾语，而将真正的和逻辑上的主语或宾语（通常用不定式短语、动名词短语或从句表示）移到后面去。如：

　　It is very important for us to learn English. （it代替不定式to learn English做形式主语）我们学习英语是十分重要的。

　　It takes much time to carry out a test. （it 代替不定式to carry out a test作形式主语）进行试验是要花费许多时间的。

　　it 作形式宾语：在具有宾语补语的句子里，it在动词后作直接宾语的先行代词，在宾语补语后面再出现真正的直接宾语（一般以不定式短语、动名词短语表示，但也有用that引出一个宾语从句）。如：

　　I found it a bit difficult to work in class because I kept on thinking about, the match in the afternoon. 我发现在课堂上学习有点儿难，因为我一直在想着下午的比赛。

　　We think it useful to learn the computer well. 我们认为学好计算机是有用的。

　　* at least 意思是“至少，起码”。如：

　　At least I can give you ten dollars. 最少我能给你十美元。

　　at least 的反义词是at most 意思是“至多”。

　　I can pay only fifty dollars at most. 我最多只能付五十美元。

语法讲解The Infinitive

动词不定式（三）

用作主语

　　To do the job well is not easy. 做好这工作不容易。

　　To drive fast is dangerous. 开快车是危险的。

　　To learn English well is very important．学好英语是很重要的。

　　在现代英语中，更为普遍的是用it 来开始一个句子，作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。例如：

　　It’s not easy to learn a foreign language well. 学好一门外语不容易。

　　It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study．必须制定一个学习这门课程的计划。

　　It’s better to give than to receive. 奉献总比索取好。

　　如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for 引起的短语：

　　It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. 对于一个人来说做点好事并不难。

　　在以某些形容词（如: kind ,good ,nice ,clever, wrong, right ,foolish, wise, unwise等）作表语时，不定式前常可加一个of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况，如：

　　It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 你总是想着我们真是太好了。

例句：

　　To make a mistake is human. 犯错误是人之常情。

　　It’s better to be the safe side. 万无一失更好。

　　To speak well ……/ ill of everyone……说人好（坏）话……

　　To work hard is the key to success. 勤奋学习是成功的钥匙。